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Cannabis World

Introduction

Named Cannabis sativa in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus.

“Dioecious”: sexually distinct male and female plants.

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the “actual substance in the resin responsible for the plant’s inebriating effects”. (D9-THC)

The stem is hollow & square, covered in strong fibers. Remove them by “retting”: soaking the stem in water so the nonfibrous material disengages. Then bent, so that the fibers separate.

“Cannabis will grow under most conditions that will support life. It is inherently indestructible. Long after other species of plants have disappeared because of drought, infestatiojn, or climatic changes, cannabis will still exist.”

“Depending on the conditions under which it grows, cannabis will either produce more resin or more fiber. When raised in hot, dry climates, resin is produced in great quantities and fiber quality is poor. In countries with mild, humid weather, less resin is produced and the fiber is strong and more durable.”

Growing plants close together reduces the sunlight falling on individuals, so produces better fiber, less resin.

1: Cannabis in the Ancient World

p. 4

Earliest record of cannabis use is from Taiwan. “In this densely populated part of the world, archaeologists have unearthed an ancient village site dating back over 10,000 years to the Stone Age.” The evidence is strips of cord (or the impressions thereof) found in pots.

“So important a place did hemp fiber occupy in ancient Chinese culture that the Book of Rites (second century B.C.) ordained that out of respect for the dead, mourners should wear clothes made from hemp fabric, a custom followed down to modern times.”

P. 5

Oldest preserved specimen of hemp: an ancient burial site dating to the Chou dynasty (1122-249 B.C.). Fragments of cloth inside.

“In fact, hemp was so highly regarded by the Chinese that they called their country the “land of mulberry and hemp.”” Mulberry being the plant that silkworms ate.

P. 6

male plant: hsi; female plant: chu. The male produces better fiber, the female better seeds. “Although hemp seed was a major grain crop in ancient China until the sixth century A.D., it was not as important a food grain as rice or millet.”

Part of first arms race: Chinese originally used bamboo fiber for bowstrings. Hemp was stronger and more durable; archers could fire farther and with greater force. “So important was the hemp bowstring that Chinese monarchs of old set aside large portions of land exclusively for hemp, the first agricultural war crop.”

The history of hemp is the history of civilization: The first paper, in China, was hemp.

Anesthetic in China in the second century A.D.

p. 15

Hemp also played large role in Japanese life.

P. 16

“Besides its role in such legends, hemp strands were an integral part of Japanese love and marriage. Hemp strands were often hung on trees as charms to bind lovers (as in the legend), gifts of hemp were sent as wedding gifts by the man’s family to the propsective bride’s family as a sign that they were accepting the girl, and hemp strands were prominently displayed during wedding ceremonies to symoblize the traditional obedience of Japanese wives to their husbands. The basis of the latter tradition was the ease with which hemp could be dyed. Just as hemp could be dyed to any color, so too, according to an ancient Japanese saying, must wives be willing to be “dyed in any color their husbands may choose.”

‘Yet another use of hemp in Japan was in ceremonial purification rites for driving away evil spirits. As already mentioned, in China evil spirits were banished from the bodies of the sick by banging rods made from ehmp against the head of the sickbed. In Japan, Shinto priests performed a similar rite with a gohei, a short stick with undyed hemp fibers (for purity) attached to one end.”

P. 16-18

India was “the first marihuana-oriented culture”. The Aryans (“noble ones”), ancestors of modern Indians, came down from the Himalayas around 2,000 BC. In one of their legends, Siva brings marihuana down from the Himalayas “for their use and enjoyment.”

“According to one of their legends, Siva became enraged over some family squabble and went off by himself in the fields. There, the cool shade of a tall marihuana plant brought him a comforting refuge from the torrid rays of the blazing sun. Curious about this plant that sheltered him from the heat of the day, he ate some of its leaves and felt so refreshed that he adopted it as his favorite food, hence his title, the Lord of Bhang.”

Bhang also refers to “a mild liquid refreshment made with its leaves” One recipe:

Cannabis 220 grains Poppy seed 120 grains Pepper 120 grains Ginger 40 grains Caraway seed 10 grains Cloves 10 grains Cardamom 10 grains Cinnamon 10 grains Cucumber seed 120 grains Almonds 120 grains Nutmeg 10 grains Rosebuds 60 grains Sugar 4 ounces Milk 20 ounces Boiled together [M.V.Ball, “The Effects of Haschisch Not Due to Cannabis Indica,” Therapeutic Gazette, 34 (1910): 777-80

“Two other concoctions made from cannabis in India are ganja and charas. Ganja is prepared from the flowers and upper leaves and is more potent than bhang. Charas, the moxst potent of the three preparations, is made from the flowers in the height of their bloom. Charas contains a relatively large amount of resin and is roughly similar in strength to hashish.”

“Bhang was and still is to India what alcohol is to the West.... It is said that those who speak derisively of bhang are doomed to suffer the torments of hell as long as the sun shines in the heavens.”

“Without bhang at special festivities like a wedding, evil spirits were believed to hober over the bride and groom, waiting for an opportune moment to wreak havoc on the newlyweds. Any father who failed to send or bring bhang to the ceremonies would be reviled and cursed as if he had deliberately invoked the evil eye on his son and daughter.”

The earliest reference to bhang’s psychoactive effects is in the fourth book of the Vedas, the Atharvaveda (“Science of Charms”), written between 2,000 and 1,400 B.C. At 12:6.15 it calls bhang “one of the “five kingdoms of herbs... which release us from anxiety.”” It wasn’t until later that bhang became a part of everyday life. In the tenth century A.D. “it was just beginning to be extolled as indracanna, the “food of the gods.” A fifteenthg-century document refers to it as “light-hearted,” “joyful,” and “rejoices,” and claims that among its virtues are “astringency,” “heat,” “speech-giving,” “inspiration of mental powers,” “excitability,” and the capacity to “remove wind and phlegm.”

The Rajvallabha, a 17th-century text discussing the drugs of India, says

India’s food is acid, produces infatuation, and destroyes leprosy. It creates vital energy, increases mental powers and internal heat, corrects irregularities of the phlegmatic humor, and is an elixir vitae. It was originally produced like nectar from the ocean by churning it with Mount Mandara. Inasmuch as it is believed to give victory in the three worlds and to bring delight to the king of gods (Siva), it was called vijaya (victorious). This desire-fulfilling drug was believed to have been obtained by men on earth for the welfare of all people. To those who use it regularly, it begets joy and diminishes anxiety.

P. 20

“Yet it was not as a medicinal aid or as a social lubricant that bhang was preeminent among the people of India. Rather, it was and still is because of its association with the religious life of the country that bhang is so extolled and florified. The stupefaction produced by the plant’s resin is greatly valued by the fakirs and ascetics, the holy men of India, because they believe that communication with their deities is greatly facilitated during intoxication with bhang. (According to one legend, the Buddha subsisted on a daily ration of one cannabis seed, and nothing else, during his six years of asceticism.) Taken in early morning, the drug is believed to cleanse the body of sin. Like the communion of Christianity, the devotee who partakes of bhang partakes of the god Siva.”

Cannabis is also in the Tantric religion, which evolved in Tibet in the 7th century A.D. Plants such as cannabis were set afire “to overcome evil forces” and was “also an important part of Tantric religious yoga sex acts consecrated to the goddess Kali.”

The Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, “which had been summoned in the 1890s to investigate the use of cannabis in India” concluded that hemp was an “integral part of the culture and religion”.

To the Hindu the hemp plant is holy. A guardian lives in the bhang leaf.... To see in a dream the leaves, plant, or water of bhang is lucky.... No good thing can come to the man who treads underfoot the holy bhang leaf. A longing for bhang foretells happiness. ... Besides as a cure for fever, bhang has many medicinal virtues.... It cures dysentery and sunstroke, clears phlegm, quickens digestion, sharpens appetite, makess the tongue of the lisper plain, freshens the intellect, and gives alertness to the body and gaiety to the mind. Such are the useful and needful ends for which in his goodness the Almighty made bhang.... It is inevitable that temperments should be found to whom the quickening spirit of bhang is the spirit of freedom and knowledge. In the ecstasy of bhang the spark of the Eternal in man turns into light the murkiness of matter.... Bhang is the Joygiver, the Skyflier, the Heqavenly-guide, the Poor Man’s Heaven, the Soother of Grief.... No god or man is as good as the religious drinker of bhang.... The supporting power of bhang has brought many a Hindu family safe through the miseries of famine. To forbid or even seriously to restrict the use of so holy and gracious an herb as the hemp would cause widespread suffering and annoyance and to large bands of worshipped ascetics, deep-seated anger. It would rob the people of a solace in discomfort, of a cure in sickness, of a guardian whose gracious protection saves them from the attacks of evil influences.... So grand a result, so tiny a sin!

P. 21

Persia was also invaded by the Aryans (by 1500 B.C., as were France and Germany). The Indo-European languages have the linguistic root an, found in various cannabis-related words such as chanvre (French) and hanf (German). “Our own word cannabis is taken directly from the Greek, which in turn is taken from canna, an early Sanskrit term.”

P. 22

“The Aryans who settled in Persia came from the same area in central Russia asx thbeir cousins who invaded India, so it is hardly surprising that the Persian word bhanga is almost identical to the Indian term bhang.”

The Scythians, around 7th century B.C. came out of central Siberia. “According to Herodotus, a Greek historian who lived in the fifth century B.C., marihuana was an integral part of the Scythian cult of the dead wherein homage was paid to the memory of their departed leaders.”

P. 24

“The Scythians eventually disappeared as a distinct national entity, but their descendants spread through Eastern Europe. While remembrances of their ancestors were lost, memories of ancestral customs were still retained, although, of course, these were modified down through the centuries. It is in this regard that anthropologist Sula Benet’s comment that “hemp never lost its connection with the cult of the dead” takes on added significance since she has traced the influence of the Scythians and their hemp funerary customs down to the modern era in Eastern Europe and Russia

‘On Christmas eve, for instance, Benet notes that the people of Poland and Lithuania serve semieniatka, a soup made from hemp seeds. The Poles and Lithuanians believe that on the night before Christmas the spirits of the dead visit their families and the soup is for the souls of the dead. A similar ritual takes place in Latvia and in the Ukraine on Three Kings Day. Yet another custom carried out in deference to the dead in Western Europe was the throwing of hemp seeds onto a blazing fire during harvest time as an offering to the dead”. [S. Benet, “Early Diffusion and Folk Uses of Hemp,” in Cannabis and Culture, ed. V. Rubin (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), p. 43

p. 26

Earliest “unmistakable” reference to hemp in Egypt: 3rd century A.D., “when the Roman emperor Aurelian imposed a tax on Egyptian cannabis. Even then, however, there was very little of the fiber in Egypt.”

P. 28-30

The Greeks; They pretty much “remained ignorant” of the intoxicating properties, but “were not slow to appreciate the durability and strength of its fiber.” However, the Thracians, a “Greek-speaking people living in the Balkans who were probably more closely related to the Scythians than to the Greeks, were especially adept at working hemp.” Herodotus writes that their clothes were like linen. Plutarch, 400 years later, “mentions that after their meals, it was not uncommon for the Thracians to throw the tops of a plant which looked like oregano into the fire. Inhaling the fumes of this plant, the people became drunk and then so tired they finally fell asleep.”

Thracia was “far from the center of Greek culture”, however. Nowhere is hemp listed for drug use, “although various drugs such as datura (Jimson weed), mandragora (mandrake), and hyoscyanus (henbane) are described as consciousness-modifying drugs in use at ancient Greek shrines and oracles.”

The Romans knew about it, and “used to top off their banquets with a marihuana-seed desert, a confectionary treat which left guests with a warm and pleasurable sensation.”

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